British Journal of Medical and Health Research

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) represents approximately 15–20% of all breast cancers and is characterized by the absence of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) expression. TNBC is associated with aggressive clinical behavior , higher rates of visceral metastasis, earlier recurrence, and poorer overall prognosis compared to other breast cancer subtypes. Cytotoxic chemotherapy has historically remained the mainstay of systemic treatment. Among available agents, platinum compounds such as carboplatin and cisplatin have demonstrated particular activity because TNBC frequently exhibits defects in homologous recombination DNA repair pathways, including BRCA1/2 dysfunction. In recent years, immune checkpoint inhibitors against programmed death-1 (PD-1) or programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) have emerged as promising therapeutic strategies. Combining immunotherapy with platinum-based chemotherapy may enhance antitumor immunity and improve outcomes. Objective To conduct a systematic review of existing evidence that contrasts the use of platinum combined with immunotherapy against platinum alone in individuals with early-stage and metastatic TNBC, with an emphasis on evaluating efficacy, survival rates, pathological complete response, and safety. Results Significant trials such as KEYNOTE-355, KEYNOTE-522, IMpassion130, IMpassion031, GeparNuevo, NeoTRIPaPDL1, along with various pooled analyses, have shown enhanced pathological complete response (pCR), progression-free survival (PFS), event-free survival (EFS), and overall survival (OS) in specific TNBC groups receiving platinum combined with immunotherapy, as opposed to chemotherapy alone. The advantages were particularly evident in PD-L1-positive metastatic TNBC and early-stage II–III TNBC. Nonetheless, the incidence of immune-related adverse events was higher in the arms receiving combination therapy. Conclusion Conclusion present data indicate that combining platinum with immunotherapy offers a more effective treatment approach than using platinum by itself for carefully chosen patients with TNBC. It remains crucial to select patients based on biomarkers and to manage toxicity effectively.

Background: Endo-periodontal lesions (EPL) present considerable diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Hemisection, when appropriately indicated, serves as a conservative alternative to extraction in multirooted teeth. Case Presentation: This report presents two separate cases in which mandibular molars exhibit EPL with localized root damage. Following comprehensive endodontic and periodontal evaluation, the non-salvageable distal root was resected, and the remaining mesial root was preserved. Treatment included nonsurgical root canal therapy, full-thickness flap surgery, debridement, hemisection and socket preservation using demineralized freeze-dried bone allograft (DFDBA), platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), and a collagen membrane. Both cases were rehabilitated with a fixed partial denture. 12-month postoperative follow-up of both cases demonstrated successful clinical and radiographic outcomes, including stable periodontal parameters and restored function. Conclusion: Hemisection remains a viable option for preserving function and natural dentition in selected cases of EPL with localized root damage.

Type 2 diabetes, a chronic metabolic disorder that includes consistent high blood sugar levels, presents an extensive health problem around the globe. Traditional therapeutic approaches, including insulin therapy and oral hypoglycaemic agents, have been the cornerstone of diabetes management for decades. However, these conventional treatments often fall short in addressing the multifaceted nature of the disease and its complications. Recent advancements in molecular biology have unveiled novel targets that offer promising avenues for more effective and personalized diabetes management. This paper provides emerging molecular targets, MTOR, comparing these approaches, we aim to highlight the potential and integrating these targets to enhance treatment outcomes, reduce complications, and improve the quality of life for individuals with diabetes. Previous research studies confirm the effects of various diets on glycaemic management, growth rates, and quality of life, focusing on type 1 diabetes mellitus and celiac disease. There is limited research on the impact of a gluten-free, carbohydrate-counting diet on glycaemic management, growth, and quality of life in individuals with both celiac disease and type 1 diabetes mellitus. Mammalian Target of Rapamycin conventionally well-known target for the cancerous study, although MTOR have have the continuous impact the diabetic study moreover extensively focuses for the utilization and management of the glucose, lipid profile, and weight in patients, but few studies substantiate these benefits the included genetic patterns.