British Journal of Medical and Health Research

Open long bone fractures are severe injuries caused mainly by high-energy trauma, including road traffic accidents, falls, and industrial incidents. They carry significant risks of infection, delayed union, and functional impairment. Understanding patient demographics and fracture patterns is vital for optimizing management and prevention. The objective of this study was’ to describe the demographic, clinical, and fracture characteristics of adult patients with open long bone fractures at a tertiary hospital in Kenya. A prospective descriptive study was conducted at Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital from January to September 2024. Adults (≥18 years) with open fractures of the humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, or fibula were consecutively enrolled, totaling 230 patients with 241 fractures. Data on demographics, injury mechanism, fracture characteristics, and Gustilo–Anderson classification were collected via structured interviews and medical record review. Descriptive statistics were computed using SPSS v26. Mean age was 36.9 ± 14.9 years; 74.3% were male. Road traffic accidents caused 65.2% of injuries. Lower extremity fractures predominated (82.2%), most commonly tibia–fibula (57.3%). Comminuted fractures were most frequent (58.5%), with nearly equal right (51.0%) and left (49.0%) distribution. Gustilo–Anderson types I, II, and III comprised 19.9%, 38.2%, and 41.9% of fractures, respectively. Open long bone fractures in this tertiary setting mainly affected young males, were largely due to high-energy trauma—particularly road traffic accidents—and frequently involved severe lower extremity injuries. Keywords: Open fractures, Long bones, Gustilo-Anderson classification, road traffic accident, high energy trauma

Psoriasis vulgaris is a chronic, immune-mediated inflammatory dermatosis requiring long-term systemic therapy in moderate-to-severe cases. Selective IL-23 inhibition has emerged as a highly effective therapeutic strategy. Risankizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody targeting the p19 subunit of IL-23, has demonstrated robust efficacy in clinical trials; however, long-term real-world data remain limited. To evaluate the long-term efficacy and safety of Risankizumab in patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis in a real-world clinical setting. We retrospectively analyzed 160 adult patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis who received Risankizumab for at least 76 weeks. Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI) and Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) scores were assessed at baseline and at weeks 4, 12, 52, and 76. Subgroup analyses were performed according to body mass index (BMI) and prior biologic exposure. Mean baseline PASI decreased from 27.65 ± 1.38 to 0.32 ± 0.23 at week 76 (p < 0.0001). PASI75/90/100 responses at week 76 were achieved in 96%, 90%, and 69% of patients, respectively. DLQI improved markedly from 28.7 ± 3.2 at baseline to 3.4 ± 2.8 at week 76. Treatment efficacy was comparable regardless of BMI status or previous biologic therapy. No treatment-related adverse events were observed. Risankizumab demonstrated sustained, high-level skin clearance and significant quality-of-life improvement over 76 weeks in real-world practice, with a favorable safety profile. These findings support its long-term effectiveness across diverse patient subgroups.

Cataract surgery has evolved over the years with the development of intraocular lenses (IOL), leading to improvement in visual outcome after surgery. Posterior capsular opacification (PCO) is a common complication after cataract surgery and the material of the IOLs is a determinant for developing this complication. Therefore, it is crucial to understudy ways to reduce the risk of this complication. Additionally, it is essential to consider the contrast sensitivity, visual acuity (V.A), and glare formation for these lenses. This study intends to do a systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCT) that evaluated the difference in the PCO rate and visual performance between patients that had either hydrophilic or hydrophobic IOLs and followed up for at most three years. A comprehensive search was conducted on PubMed, Google Scholar, and Embase. Randomized control trial papers published in the last eighteen years were analyzed. 397 studies were found. Only 15 articles were included in the review after screening, removal of duplicated articles, and evaluation of eligibility criteria. Hydrophobic IOL is associated with less PCO than hydrophilic IOL. However, the visual performance with regard to V.A, glare formation, and contrast sensitivity were comparable for both lenses. A notable limitation of this review was the small sample size of most of the studies. Therefore, more prospective and randomized trials with larger sample sizes are required in this area.