AbdElkarim A Abdrabo

Diabetes mellitus is the commonest metabolic disorder and has a high prevalence in Sudan. Diabetic nephropathy is characterized by proteinuria and is the leading cause of end stage renal disease. Microalbuminuria testing is sensitive test for diabetic nephropathy. The present study aimed to estimate of HbA1c and micro albumin among type 2 diabetic mellitus in Sudanese patients and to correlate with duration of disease and age. This study was a cross sectional study conducted at Gaber Abu Elezz Diabetes Center-Khartoum state- Sudan, during March and November 2015, A total of (75) patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetic mellitus were enrolled in this study, Patients with systemic diseases like cardiovascular diseases, cerebrovascular diseases and urinary tract infection or kidney disease were excluded from the study. The blood sample collected in EDTA containers to estimate HbA1c levels which was measured by using (i- CHROMA), random urine specimens were collected to estimating microalbumin level of all the individuals under study. The study revealed that microalbuminuria, HbA1c levels were significantly increased in comparison with the reference range, p. value (0.009, 0.000), respectively, as well positive correlation between microalbuminuria and HbA1c and duration of disease, r. values was (0.603, 0.436) and p. values was (0.000, 0.000), respectively. The study revealed a clear relationship significant elevations of HbA1c and urinary micro albumin levels which suggest that the monitoring of micro albuminuria levels at the early stages of type 2 diabetic mellitus Sudanese patients. Keywords: Microalbumoinuria, HbA1c, Diabetes, Sudan, Neelain

The early diagnosis is essential, as it has been observed that progression occurs within 2 years of disease onset.. An aggressive intervention with new and effective biological treatments can alter the course of the disease, prevent joint destruction, lengthen life, and improve function . RA is known to be associated with broad range or the presence of a large number of autoantibodies The present study was designed as a case-control study, carried out in the National Ribat University Hospital, in Khartoum State, Sudan. The aim of this study was to assess the diagnostic value of RA serological markers. The study group composed of 88 patients with RA; all patients had fulfilled the criteria of the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) (5), whereas control group composed of 53 healthy individuals. Blood samples were collected from the study population in order to determine RF-isotypes namely (RF-IgM, RF-IgA), and ACCP2. RF-isotypes and ACCP2 were measured quantitatively using a Sandwich Enzyme–Linked Immunosorbant Assay ELISA (Euroimmune, Germany). displayed that 56.8% of the study group had positive RF-IgM, where it was 22.6% in control group. RF-IgA showed positive reaction in 47.7% and 30.2% of study group and control group, respectively Both RF-isotypes were found to be positive in 33(37.5%) and 6(11.3%) of study group and control group respectively. The ACCP2 was found positive in 52(59.1%) of study group and in 3(5.7%) of control group (table 2). The mean value of ACCP2 in RA patients was statistically significant than that of control group (p.value =0.000). Sensitivity for RA was highest for ACCP2 59%, followed by RF-IgM 56.82%. Utility of two combined RF-isotypes autoantibodies sensitivity for RA was 69(78.4%) and will be 90.9% when ACCP2 was enrolled with the 2 RF-isotypes. In this study 11(12.5%) patients were RF-isotypes negative and positive for ACCP2. Correlation between ACCP2 & RF-IgM was 0.386 and was 0.255 between ACCP2 and RF-IgA and there was no such correlations with the controls. This study showing that the ACCP2 had slightly better sensitivity than RFs among RA patients, and the diagnostic sensitivity of RA increased when ACCP2 was added in the panel along with RF-isotypes.

The Matrix Tablets each containing 50 mg of diclofenac sodium are prepared employing kollidonSR by direct compression method. The hardness of the tablets was in the range of 6-7kg/sq.cm. Weight loss in friability test was less than 0.3% in all the cases. All the matrix tablets prepared contained 100±2.3% of the labelled claim. All the tablets were found to be non-disintegrating in acidic (pH1.2) and alkaline (pH 7.4) fluids. As such, the prepared tablets were of good quality with respect to drug content, hardness and friability. As the tablets formulated were non- disintegrating in acidic and alkaline fluids, they are considered suitable for colon targeting. From the drug release study it may be concluded that the (DK2) P2 formula of diclofenac sodium matrix tablets have given the desired release profile by showing a minimal release during the lag period of 5 hrs and complete release at the end of 12 hrs. The tablets having the optimized formula (DK2) P2, having 25% kollidonSR with 5% of channelling agent (PEG 6000) showed minimal release of 46% in the lag period of 5 hours and 99.6 % of the drug was released y the end of 12hours. The diclofenac sodium matrix tablets formulated by employing kollidonSR and channelling agent showed non-fickian diffusion mechanism and following zero order kinetics. The optimized formula (DK2) P2 follows Supercase II transport as mechanism for drug release and it follows zero order kinetics. Matrix tablets (DK2) P2 formulated employing 25% kollidonSR and 5% PEG 6000 are best suited to be used for colon targeting of diclofenac sodium.

Zinc (Zn) and magnesium (Mg) have many important functions in human body. Among many contributing agents that have been proposed to take part in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis RA condition, trace elements, including Zn and Mg have also been investigated. This study aimed to evaluate the level of these elements and their correlations with duration and complications of RA. the plasma level of trace elements was estimated by the use of Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. This cross-sectional hospital base study involved 45 rheumatoid arthritis patients compared with normal reference values of the trace elements. The analysis of the results indicated that the mean plasma levels of Zn and Mg were significantly lower when compared with their reference values, found lower levels below the lower limit of the reference value, reveals a statistical significant difference P.value (0.000, 0.000). Correlations between plasma Zn, Mg levels and complications of disease were found insignificant whereas positive correlations between the level of Zn and duration of RA disease, r=(0.4), p. value was (0.005) and between Mg level and Zn r=0.3, p. value was (0.04)patients with RA have lower levels of Zn and Mg, so the supplementation of Zn and Mg would be necessary for RA patients to correct their levels.

Hypertension is believed to have a wide range of effects on body's physiology with a controversial data on the association between hypertension and elevation of liver enzymes. Liver enzymes such as aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) are considered as markers of liver function. To investigate the proposed association of hypertension with liver enzymes. fifty-eight hypertensive patients were enrolled in this study with a mean age of 28-76 and another age-matched group of 42 individuals selected as a control group, demographic data were collected in a predesigned form, then the liver enzymes were measured for the patients as well as the individuals of the control group. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS, version 16. The means of plasma AST, ALT, ALP and GGT levels among patients were 20.79, 12.69, 81.72, and 20.48, respectively and among control group were 18.45, 9.53, 81.14 and 16.28 respectively, in spite of this obvious variations in liver enzymes among hypertensive patients when compared to the controls, this variation was found to be statistically insignificant. The study also showed that the plasma levels of AST (r=0.05, P value=0.089). and ALT (r=0.004, P value=0.972),ALP (r=0 .128,P value=0.214) were negatively correlated with BMI while the GGT(r=0.343, P value=0.000)was positively correlated with BM. The levels of liver enzymes in hypertensive patients were not significantly elevated compared to control group. While there is a correlation between BMI and plasma enzymes GGT. Levels of transaminases AST and ALT revealed significant association with the duration of hypertension.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder among women in the reproductive age. It is characterized by an ovulation manifested as oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea, elevated levels of androgens and luteinizing hormone (LH), and polycystic ovaries by ultrasound. PCOS also encompasses a broad spectrum of clinical, hormonal and ultrasonographic characteristics.The study was aimed to compare serum AMH levels between PCOS and normal women; and to investigate the relationship between AMH and testosterone.An analytical case control study implemented in Dr. Alser Abulehassan Center for Infertility, Khartoum. A number of 50 women with PCOS and a number of 30 healthy women were recruited for the study. Medical records were examined for patients who sought fertility consultation or treatment during the period from April 2015 till June 2015. The study protocol was approved by the Medical Ethical Committee of Alneelain University. AMH and Testosterone were significantly higher in the PCOS women in comparison to normal women. The AMH was positively correlated to Testosterone (r=.691, p<0.01), and negative correlation with body excessive hair (r= - 426, p< 0.05). Also negative correlation was found between infertility and excessive body hair (r= - 3.17, p< 0.05), while no correlation was found between AMH and women age and weight. Higher serum AMH and testosterone levels in PCOS women than in healthy women; and significant positive correlations between AMH and testosterone and in the PCOS women exclusively. AMH has been proposed as a marker of PCOS and as suggested to be useful initial diagnostic test for PCOS.

Several changes occurs in menopausal phase in women which may lead to changes in metabolism of lipids, protein and carbohydrates. The objective of this study was to assess the concentration of total serum lipid profile, in pre and post menopausal Sudanese women. This is descriptive case control study carried in Babanosawestkord of an .One hundred (100) apparently healthy, non pregnant females (40premenopausal and 60 post menopausal) were recruited for the study. Serum total cholesterol and the fractions- high-density lipoproteins (HDL), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), and triglycerides (TG) were estimated using enzymatic and established mathematical methods. The (mean±SD)of total Cholesterol, HDL, LDL and Triglyceride in post menopause respectively were (159.5±14.5, 62.6± 8, 79.1± 9.7, 104.6±9.4).while The (mean ±SD)of total Cholesterol, HDL, LDL and Triglyceride in pre menopause Respectively were(137.2 ± 12.5, 84,8±6,5,31.7± 8,5,103.4 ±7.3). The results showed that there was significant difference in the total serum cholesterol between the two groups. There was however, a significant reduction of HDL in the postmenopausal group (P value <0.005) and a significant increase in the level of LDL in the postmenopausal group (P value <0.005). The elevated LDL and the reduction of cardio protective HDL is an indication that menopause is an independent risk factor for developing cardiovascular disease in our environment. There was no significant difference in the triglycerides between the two groups (p value > 005). The result was concluded that there was significant increase of total Cholestrol and low density lipoprotien LDL in post menopausal group ,also there was significant decrease of high density lipoprotien HDL when it compared with premenopuase group,(p value 0.00).Triglyceride remind unchanged and no significant difference between the pre and post menopausal groups( p value .517).

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is associated with dyslipidaemia and may render the affected women “at risk” of developing cardiovascular disease. Objective of this study was to evaluate lipid parameters in Sudanese Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. The study was case control hospital based carried, out on 32 diagnosed PCOS subjects aged (18-35 years) and 32 age-matched healthy women. Blood samples were collected in a fasting state and lipid parameters were estimated by Biosystem Kits using Spectrophotometer. The mean ± standard deviation of total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, VLDL, HDL respectively in cases were (194±36.3, 95.8±29.0, 128.4±32.1, 19.1±5.8, 47.1±14.1). while the mean and standard deviation of total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, VLDL, HDL respectively in control were (166.22±16.7, 86.1±12.6, 89.9±21.2, 17.22±2.53, 59.5±12.3). There were significant elevation in most lipid profile. The study concluded that, most lipid profile were significantly increased except triglycerides and VLDL.

Preeclampsia is one of the causes that lead to mortality among pregnant woman and fetus. However it is etiology is unknown. The objective of this study was to assess the level of serum lead and it is relation with serum phosphorus in the development of preeclampsia. This study was case control hospital based study, Blood samples were collected from 50 preeclamptics, 50 normal pregnant women. Serum lead was determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometer and serum Phosphorus was determined by using spectrophotometer. The study was conducted during the period of January to April 2015. The mean ±SD of serum lead and phosphorus respectively were(0.98±0.26, 3.98±0.81) for preeclampsia ,while the mean±SD of serum lead and phosphorus respectively in normal pregnant women were(0.32±0.11, 3.6±.66 ). lead was significantly higher(p=0.00) , whereas Phosphorus was significantly lower (p =0.03) in preeclamptics than in normal pregnant women Also serum lead was positively correlated with systolic and diastolic blood pressures(p=0.01) in preeclampsia. Preeclamptics have a higher serum lead and lower serum phosphorus levels when compared with normal pregnant women. It appears that increase in serum lead, which parallel decreases in serum phosphorus, may be related to the development of preeclampsia.

Some autoimmune conditions have been associated with reduced vitamin D levels, has been associated with vitamin D insufficiency. Reports showed that serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels are inversely associated with chronic inflammatory systemic diseases. The main objective of this study was to estimate 25-hydroxyvitamin D level in patients with psoriasis in comparison with control subjects without this disease. Total of 188 (90 male and 98 female) patients with psoriasis were selected and included in the study. Eighty non-psoriatic individuals (40 male and 40 female) with different ages were included as controls.Levels of 25-OH vitamin D were determined using ELISA test kits (Euroimmun-Germany). serum concentrations of vitamin D were significantly lower in psoriatic patients than in control 19.52±10.03 pg/ml, and 40.39±9.06 pg/ml, respectively. The mean of duration of the disease was 13.08±10.5. The mean age of patient was 33.7±14.6 and of control group was 28.0±7.4. There is insignificant difference between concentrations of vitamin D in female compared to male 21.8±10.7 and 17.2±8.9, respectively, P=0.143. Insignificant correlation was found between duration of disease concentration of Vitamin D, P=0.259. The finding of this study showed that the hypovitaminosis Dwas associated with psoriasis disease in Sudan. Gender and duration of the disease were not associated with vitamin D level.