Diabetes

Background: Cellulitis is a rapidly disseminating bacterial illness that impacts the dermis and subcutaneous tissue. Erythema, warmth, swelling, and pain are present in the affected area. Cellulitis is clinically diagnosed by the observation of disseminating inflammation in the deep dermis and subcutaneous tissue. The study intends to investigate the incidence of cellulitis across various age groups, the length of symptoms in diabetic and non-diabetic patients, and the risk of cellulitis in individuals with comorbid diseases. Methods: A retrospective observational study was performed over an 8-month duration from November 2023 to June 2024. The requisite data was obtained from the Medical Record Department. A total of 179 patients from the Vascular Department participated in the study. The data was gathered and examined using SPSS version 29.0.1.0. Results: The study enrolled a total of 179 subjects, comprising 123 males (68.7%) and 56 females (31.3%). Of the 179 patients, 109 (60.9%) were diabetic. Seventy participants (39.9%) out of 179 belonged to the predominant age group of 60-74 years (38.0%), followed by the 45-59 age group (35.2%). According to the wound classification, 161 (89.9%) were non-purulent, whereas 18 (10.1%) were purulent. Patients exhibiting symptoms for less than one week constituted 139 (77.7%), whereas 40 (22.3%) experienced symptoms for more than one week. Patients with various comorbidities included 25.7% with Hypertension, as well as those with Hypertension accompanied by coronary artery disease (CAD) and Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA). The study finds that elderly persons aged 60 to 80 years are at an elevated risk of cellulitis. Hypertension was identified as a significant risk factor for the onset of cellulitis.

Background: Diabetes mellitus is becoming extremely prevalent in India and other developing countries. Diabetes consequences, such as long-term cardiovascular, renal, neurovascular, and retinal problems are primary contributors of disability and mortality, necessitating screening. Objective: To describe the screening strategies of long-term complications amongst patients with diabetes attending a tertiary care out-patient facility. Method: A cross- sectional quantitative analysis was performed using patient’s clinical records. A random sample of 120 individuals with diabetes who consulted the hospital was chosen randomly. The results of the dilated eye, foot and dental examination, urine analysis, cholesterol profile, other associated comorbidities along with demographic data were all extracted. Data was collected and descriptive analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel. Results: The following screening tests were consistently prescribed to be performed: HTN, eye care, foot care, dental care, vaccines, smoking cessation and alcohol cessation. Out of the patients recommended with screening tests, 100% of patients underwent screening for HTN followed by 20% of patients underwent screening for eye care, 38.80 % patients underwent screening for foot care, 14.28% patients for dental care and none of the patients for vaccines, smoking and alcohol cessation. All the patients had their HbA1c tested and highest proportion of patients with abnormal results were found which could eventually lead to long- term side effects. Conclusion: In most individuals, screening for long-term consequences of diabetes mellitus was inadequate, and incorrect documentation of results were common. Screening techniques need to be improved.

Diabetes mellitus is the commonest metabolic disorder and has a high prevalence in Sudan. Diabetic nephropathy is characterized by proteinuria and is the leading cause of end stage renal disease. Microalbuminuria testing is sensitive test for diabetic nephropathy. The present study aimed to estimate of HbA1c and micro albumin among type 2 diabetic mellitus in Sudanese patients and to correlate with duration of disease and age. This study was a cross sectional study conducted at Gaber Abu Elezz Diabetes Center-Khartoum state- Sudan, during March and November 2015, A total of (75) patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetic mellitus were enrolled in this study, Patients with systemic diseases like cardiovascular diseases, cerebrovascular diseases and urinary tract infection or kidney disease were excluded from the study. The blood sample collected in EDTA containers to estimate HbA1c levels which was measured by using (i- CHROMA), random urine specimens were collected to estimating microalbumin level of all the individuals under study. The study revealed that microalbuminuria, HbA1c levels were significantly increased in comparison with the reference range, p. value (0.009, 0.000), respectively, as well positive correlation between microalbuminuria and HbA1c and duration of disease, r. values was (0.603, 0.436) and p. values was (0.000, 0.000), respectively. The study revealed a clear relationship significant elevations of HbA1c and urinary micro albumin levels which suggest that the monitoring of micro albuminuria levels at the early stages of type 2 diabetic mellitus Sudanese patients. Keywords: Microalbumoinuria, HbA1c, Diabetes, Sudan, Neelain

Blood pressure is a biological variable that varies with time. A series of factors linked to daily activities and independent neurohormonal mechanisms cause blood pressure to vary significantly within the 24 hours of the day: it increases during physical activity and decreases considerably following acute exercise (post-exercise hypotension); it increases in conditions of physical or emotional distress and tends to decrease after meals and during sleep.1 Blood pressure variation throughout the sleep-wake cycle is well known, with lower values observed during night time sleep than in daytime wakefulness. The advent of non-invasive methods to measure blood pressure for 24 hours such as ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) shed more light onto the behaviour of blood pressure. Changes in blood pressure during sleep have also been associated with increased risk of cardiovascular and renal disease in the long term: it is the classical description of inadequate or absent drops in blood pressure during sleep seen in attenuated dippers and non-dippers, respectively, associated with left ventricular hypertrophy, hypertensive retinopathy, and proteinuria.2 A mathematical formula based on the different blood pressure levels observed in subperiods of the sleep-wake cycle was recently proposed to estimate the early morning rise in blood pressure. Pronounced rises in blood pressure during this time of the day (“early morning surge”) have also been used to independently predict mean 24-hour, wake, and sleep blood pressure and the Blood pressure variability3

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a common serious metabolic disorder with well-known serious secondary complications. Long term hyperglycemia induced- neurotoxicity leads to many adverse effects on various parts of both central and peripheral nervous system. The mechanisms responsible for the diabetes-related neuro-chemical alteration and structural abnormalities in the brain are not fully understood as yet. Aim: The aim of this current experimental study was to carry out a histological and histomorphological analysis of the diabetes-related changes in the cerebellar cortex of STZ-induced diabetic rats. Materials and methods: 36 Albino rats weighing approximately 250 g were included in the study and divided in to control and diabetic groups and each group having 6 rats. Diabetic group received single dose of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg/bw, i.p.) and control animals received normal saline. The induction of diabetes was confirmed by measuring the blood glucose levels from the lateral tail blood and blood sugar level above 250 mg/dL were considered diabetic. After experimental period all groups’ rats were sacrificed and coronal sections were taken from the cerebellum and stained with Cresyl violet, LFB, and PSR. The number of Purkinje and thickness of different layers of the cerebellum was evaluated for histomorphometry. Results: Light microscopic studies and biochemical estimation revealed that there is reduction of number as well as diameter of Purkinje cells and reduced thickness of molecular and granular layer of cerebellar cortex. There is progressive increase in the amount of collagen fibers around tunica adventitia of cerebellar cortical as well as medullary vessels and choroid plexus of fourth ventricle. Alteration of biochemical changes in the form of increased serum creatinine level and decreased serum total protein was also noticed with increasing duration of hyperglycemia. Conclusion: It is therefore concluded that long-standing hyperglycemia leads to reduction of number Purkinje cells and thickness of cerebellar cortical layers; increased collagen around cerebellar vessels and choroid plexus in conjunction with the biochemical changes appear to promote the cerebellar functional alterations observed in chronic diabetics.  

Diabetes is a condition where pancreas fails to produce insulin hormone, which converts the sugar in the food into energy. Insufficient secretion of insulin results in excess glucose level in the bloodstream, resulting in diabetes. The blood glucose is required to be used to provide energy and fuel to the body to do all kinds of activities. High level of glucose in blood eventually affects the organs of the body. Yoga considered as an alternate source of healing in diabetes. Yoga helps to strengthen the immune system, improves blood circulation and the flow of vital energy or prana to the internal organs of the body. The secretion of stress hormones, due to faulty diet, hectic lifestyle or wrong thinking is controlled by the practice of yoga. Yogic exercises cause the muscles to absorb the excess glucose in the blood stream, thereby reducing the blood sugar level. They stimulates the pancreas and liver to function effectively, which regulates the blood sugar levels. Asanas help in regeneration the pancreatic cells, thereby assisting insulin secretion. The muscular movements also help in bringing down the blood sugar levels. Asanas induce relaxation & plays a key role in the healthy functioning of the internal organs. Ex : Paschimotasana, Shalabhasana, Mayurasana A profound understanding of yoga enables introspection. When attention is turned inwards, it effects a radical change in our beings, manifest as inward balance and poise. As peace fills our being, the body begins to function in harmony & improves the quality of life a sign of good health.