HbA1c

ABSTRACT Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is emerging fastly as one of the commonest causes of blindness. Globally in developed countries over 2.5 million people are blind due to diabetes. The risk of developing diabetic retinopathy or other micro-vascular complications of diabetes depends on both the duration and severity of hyperglycaemia. Present study is done to determine the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in association with raise in HbA1c and also to correlate the severity of Diabetic retinopathy with the levels of HbA1c. A cross sectional study was conducted among 200 patients with diabetes mellitus attending the institute. All patients were subjected to relevant investigations, detailed slit lamp and dilated retinal examination. Diabetic Retinopathy was graded as per ETDRS categories. Among 200 patients, male: female ratio was 1.17. Majority of the patients were in the age group of 41 to 60 years. Present study shows that 52 had mild NPDR, 15 had moderate to severe NPDR and 13 had PDR. Present study showed as the HbA1c level increases severity of the diabetic retinopathy also increases and that Hba1c is an important and an independent factor responsible for development of diabetic retinopathy in patients with diabetes mellitus. Keywords: HbA1c, Diabetic retinopathy.

Diabetes mellitus is the commonest metabolic disorder and has a high prevalence in Sudan. Diabetic nephropathy is characterized by proteinuria and is the leading cause of end stage renal disease. Microalbuminuria testing is sensitive test for diabetic nephropathy. The present study aimed to estimate of HbA1c and micro albumin among type 2 diabetic mellitus in Sudanese patients and to correlate with duration of disease and age. This study was a cross sectional study conducted at Gaber Abu Elezz Diabetes Center-Khartoum state- Sudan, during March and November 2015, A total of (75) patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetic mellitus were enrolled in this study, Patients with systemic diseases like cardiovascular diseases, cerebrovascular diseases and urinary tract infection or kidney disease were excluded from the study. The blood sample collected in EDTA containers to estimate HbA1c levels which was measured by using (i- CHROMA), random urine specimens were collected to estimating microalbumin level of all the individuals under study. The study revealed that microalbuminuria, HbA1c levels were significantly increased in comparison with the reference range, p. value (0.009, 0.000), respectively, as well positive correlation between microalbuminuria and HbA1c and duration of disease, r. values was (0.603, 0.436) and p. values was (0.000, 0.000), respectively. The study revealed a clear relationship significant elevations of HbA1c and urinary micro albumin levels which suggest that the monitoring of micro albuminuria levels at the early stages of type 2 diabetic mellitus Sudanese patients. Keywords: Microalbumoinuria, HbA1c, Diabetes, Sudan, Neelain

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a genetic and/or lifestyle disease which had wide ramifications affecting the functioning of several organs. As of now, approximately 35% of Indian population are with DM. Uncontrolled DM will lead to many other diseases, the first being the alterations in kidney function followed by cardiac and liver diseases. About 45% of kidney diseases are caused by uncontrolled DM. HbA1c and serum creatinine are the two gold standards for the monitoring and control of DM and kidney disease and there must exist some association between them. This research article presents an association found between these analytes and depicts HbA1c/ Creatinine ratio as an Index to assess the progression and control of DM in a group of patients with T2DM. Very good association was found between HbA1c and creatinine as well as HbA1c to the ratio, both for controls and patients ( p< 0.0001). The outcome of this study strongly suggests that all patients undergoing treatment for T2DM be investigated for serum creatinine to ascertain kidney function.