Sudan

Diabetes mellitus is the commonest metabolic disorder and has a high prevalence in Sudan. Diabetic nephropathy is characterized by proteinuria and is the leading cause of end stage renal disease. Microalbuminuria testing is sensitive test for diabetic nephropathy. The present study aimed to estimate of HbA1c and micro albumin among type 2 diabetic mellitus in Sudanese patients and to correlate with duration of disease and age. This study was a cross sectional study conducted at Gaber Abu Elezz Diabetes Center-Khartoum state- Sudan, during March and November 2015, A total of (75) patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetic mellitus were enrolled in this study, Patients with systemic diseases like cardiovascular diseases, cerebrovascular diseases and urinary tract infection or kidney disease were excluded from the study. The blood sample collected in EDTA containers to estimate HbA1c levels which was measured by using (i- CHROMA), random urine specimens were collected to estimating microalbumin level of all the individuals under study. The study revealed that microalbuminuria, HbA1c levels were significantly increased in comparison with the reference range, p. value (0.009, 0.000), respectively, as well positive correlation between microalbuminuria and HbA1c and duration of disease, r. values was (0.603, 0.436) and p. values was (0.000, 0.000), respectively. The study revealed a clear relationship significant elevations of HbA1c and urinary micro albumin levels which suggest that the monitoring of micro albuminuria levels at the early stages of type 2 diabetic mellitus Sudanese patients. Keywords: Microalbumoinuria, HbA1c, Diabetes, Sudan, Neelain

The early diagnosis is essential, as it has been observed that progression occurs within 2 years of disease onset.. An aggressive intervention with new and effective biological treatments can alter the course of the disease, prevent joint destruction, lengthen life, and improve function . RA is known to be associated with broad range or the presence of a large number of autoantibodies The present study was designed as a case-control study, carried out in the National Ribat University Hospital, in Khartoum State, Sudan. The aim of this study was to assess the diagnostic value of RA serological markers. The study group composed of 88 patients with RA; all patients had fulfilled the criteria of the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) (5), whereas control group composed of 53 healthy individuals. Blood samples were collected from the study population in order to determine RF-isotypes namely (RF-IgM, RF-IgA), and ACCP2. RF-isotypes and ACCP2 were measured quantitatively using a Sandwich Enzyme–Linked Immunosorbant Assay ELISA (Euroimmune, Germany). displayed that 56.8% of the study group had positive RF-IgM, where it was 22.6% in control group. RF-IgA showed positive reaction in 47.7% and 30.2% of study group and control group, respectively Both RF-isotypes were found to be positive in 33(37.5%) and 6(11.3%) of study group and control group respectively. The ACCP2 was found positive in 52(59.1%) of study group and in 3(5.7%) of control group (table 2). The mean value of ACCP2 in RA patients was statistically significant than that of control group (p.value =0.000). Sensitivity for RA was highest for ACCP2 59%, followed by RF-IgM 56.82%. Utility of two combined RF-isotypes autoantibodies sensitivity for RA was 69(78.4%) and will be 90.9% when ACCP2 was enrolled with the 2 RF-isotypes. In this study 11(12.5%) patients were RF-isotypes negative and positive for ACCP2. Correlation between ACCP2 & RF-IgM was 0.386 and was 0.255 between ACCP2 and RF-IgA and there was no such correlations with the controls. This study showing that the ACCP2 had slightly better sensitivity than RFs among RA patients, and the diagnostic sensitivity of RA increased when ACCP2 was added in the panel along with RF-isotypes.

Hypertension is believed to have a wide range of effects on body's physiology with a controversial data on the association between hypertension and elevation of liver enzymes. Liver enzymes such as aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) are considered as markers of liver function. To investigate the proposed association of hypertension with liver enzymes. fifty-eight hypertensive patients were enrolled in this study with a mean age of 28-76 and another age-matched group of 42 individuals selected as a control group, demographic data were collected in a predesigned form, then the liver enzymes were measured for the patients as well as the individuals of the control group. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS, version 16. The means of plasma AST, ALT, ALP and GGT levels among patients were 20.79, 12.69, 81.72, and 20.48, respectively and among control group were 18.45, 9.53, 81.14 and 16.28 respectively, in spite of this obvious variations in liver enzymes among hypertensive patients when compared to the controls, this variation was found to be statistically insignificant. The study also showed that the plasma levels of AST (r=0.05, P value=0.089). and ALT (r=0.004, P value=0.972),ALP (r=0 .128,P value=0.214) were negatively correlated with BMI while the GGT(r=0.343, P value=0.000)was positively correlated with BM. The levels of liver enzymes in hypertensive patients were not significantly elevated compared to control group. While there is a correlation between BMI and plasma enzymes GGT. Levels of transaminases AST and ALT revealed significant association with the duration of hypertension.

Some autoimmune conditions have been associated with reduced vitamin D levels, has been associated with vitamin D insufficiency. Reports showed that serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels are inversely associated with chronic inflammatory systemic diseases. The main objective of this study was to estimate 25-hydroxyvitamin D level in patients with psoriasis in comparison with control subjects without this disease. Total of 188 (90 male and 98 female) patients with psoriasis were selected and included in the study. Eighty non-psoriatic individuals (40 male and 40 female) with different ages were included as controls.Levels of 25-OH vitamin D were determined using ELISA test kits (Euroimmun-Germany). serum concentrations of vitamin D were significantly lower in psoriatic patients than in control 19.52±10.03 pg/ml, and 40.39±9.06 pg/ml, respectively. The mean of duration of the disease was 13.08±10.5. The mean age of patient was 33.7±14.6 and of control group was 28.0±7.4. There is insignificant difference between concentrations of vitamin D in female compared to male 21.8±10.7 and 17.2±8.9, respectively, P=0.143. Insignificant correlation was found between duration of disease concentration of Vitamin D, P=0.259. The finding of this study showed that the hypovitaminosis Dwas associated with psoriasis disease in Sudan. Gender and duration of the disease were not associated with vitamin D level.