CKD

Renal failure because of chronic kidney disease (CKD) leads to increased accumulation of uremic toxins due to decreased glomerular filtration rates. This in turn has a bearing on other metabolic functions in the body. Hemodialysis in end stage renal disease helps in elimination of toxic metabolites but long-term dialysis and the underlying chronic inflammation could affect immune cell activity, one of the main factors contributing to CKD associated complications and mortality. In this review, we tried to compile the important immune cell types and their different parameters that are altered in hemodialysis patients and the downstream impact of such alterations.

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a genetic and/or lifestyle disease which had wide ramifications affecting the functioning of several organs. As of now, approximately 35% of Indian population are with DM. Uncontrolled DM will lead to many other diseases, the first being the alterations in kidney function followed by cardiac and liver diseases. About 45% of kidney diseases are caused by uncontrolled DM. HbA1c and serum creatinine are the two gold standards for the monitoring and control of DM and kidney disease and there must exist some association between them. This research article presents an association found between these analytes and depicts HbA1c/ Creatinine ratio as an Index to assess the progression and control of DM in a group of patients with T2DM. Very good association was found between HbA1c and creatinine as well as HbA1c to the ratio, both for controls and patients ( p< 0.0001). The outcome of this study strongly suggests that all patients undergoing treatment for T2DM be investigated for serum creatinine to ascertain kidney function.