depression

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between depression, marital adjustment of the women receiving infertility treatment and the differentiation between depression, marital adjustment according to the sociodemographic variables. Methods: The study was run on women receiving infertility treatment in two separate centers who volunteered for the study by using sociodemographic survey form, Beck Depression Scale and Marital Adjustment Scale. The data was collected between April 2015-July 2015. Study group consisted of 228 women who applied for infertility treatment in the study period at two centers and who met the criteria and gave consent to the study. Data analyses were done using SPSS 21.0. In assessment of data, frequencies, percentages, means were used as well as Kruskall-Wallis, Mann-Whitney U, Spearman correlation tests. Results were considered as significant when p value was less than 0,05. Results: Duration of infertility treatment was 3-5 years in 33,3 % of the women while another 13,2% received it for 6-10 years. While 95,6 % of women were informed about infertility treatment, 61,8 % was emotionally depressed because of being unable to bear a child. Depression scores and marital satisfaction scores of women were related significantly and inversely having a correlation coefficient of r= -0,656 and a significance level of p=0,000. Depression level was found to be a significant predictor of marital satisfaction (R=0,779, R2=0,607, p<0,05). We also detected that marital satisfaction scores of women differed significantly when groups were compared for duration of infertility (p=0,007); women who had infertility treatment for less than 1 year had significantly higher marital adjustment scores when compared to patients who received the treatment for 3-5 years and more than 11 years.

Two distinct schools of thought and two men have continued to dominate psychiatry over the past century. Despite both of these men supporting eugenics; Emil Kraepelin and Paul Eugen Bleuler also held very different views on how better outcomes could best be achieved. Progress in the delivery of better outcomes for schizophrenia has halted. Gaining an understanding of the neurobiology involved in schizophrenia may facilitate the delivery of better clinical outcomes. An extensive narrative review of the literature was undertaken to ascertain a neurobiological basis for schizophrenia. This review revealed a metabolic disorder that produces an adaptation to chronic nutrient or hypoxic stress. The formation of a stress memory will be explored. An evidence base will be presented to support rationale for relabeling psychiatric disorders as a stress memory with prominent symptoms. For instance, psychosis, mood disturbance, persistently low mood, anxiety or a delayed reaction in the case of post-traumatic stress disorder. Besides the argument for neurobiological and symptom accuracy, an appropriate name change may be prudent to reduce the burden of stigma that was derived from the eugenics movement and which continues to defame people today.

Vitiligo is a skin disease caused by various factors with an etiology that is poorly understood. In current scenario it is not an uncommon disease as it has a history of more than 3000 years but it is often confused with leprosy. This disease effect people physically, socially, psychologically and occupationally. But with proper awareness about this disease people can easily cope up with its various effects. Doctors and mental health professionals with proper education about disease help patient in not only recovering with the disease but also in stabilizing the psychosocial effects of vitiligo. Proper support of family and friends and mental support from doctor make patients lead a normal life. Suffering caused by vitiligo can be treated by a proactive approach. Hence proper knowledge about the disease, proper treatment by doctor, proper counseling from mental health professional and proper support of family and friends can help patient in coping the psychosocial effects of vitiligo.

Stammering is a developmental disorder, which may adversely affect the individual on many functional and emotional levels, such as anxiety, shame, anger, as well as speech-avoidant behaviors in human, Homo sapiens L. According to present study, the occurring of stammering was determined in the population of Sheringal, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan during June 2013-August 2014. The questionnaires having all information about stammering were distributed among (n=200) the people of Sheringal by random method. Daramdala, Doki, Guryaal, Samang, Shahoor and Sia-Sheringal were the 6 quadrates of the study area. Stammering was the highest in middle class (55%) and the lost in lower class (8%). The major stammering occurring age was 6-12 years (28%). Stammerers suffered different disease, however, the highest occurring disease was epilepsy (8%), however, the lowest was heart disease (1%). Numbers of stammerers found were minimum, 1 stammerer/ family out of 39 families and maximum, 3 stammerers/ family out of 4 families (N=47). Stammerers have been facing different obstacles, however, maximum obstacles were tongue pain (14.5%) and minimum were lungs pain (6%). The maximum stammerers were un-employee (63%). Commonly stammering was occurring during pre-school and school life. The present research will be useful to educate the people about stammering. The gender and congenital bass’s investigations are necessary for further research.