SYED T ALI

ABSTRACT Cigarette smoking is a lifestyle pattern. It is a major global health problem responsible for the decline in semen quality and an overall decline in male reproductive health. The main objective of the current study was therefore to evaluate the effect of cigarette smoking on sperm quality in young Saudi men living in the Western region of Saudi Arabia (Makkah). In this study, semen samples were collected from 100 men each (mild, moderate and heavy cigarette smokers) aged between 18 and 36 years with a mean age of 24.38 ± 9.58 years. All samples were collected by masturbation with the abstinence interval of sex or ejaculate of at least 72 hours, along with 100 aged matched healthy nonsmokers who served as controls. The percentage of abnormal sperm chromatin non-condensation, DNA fragmentation, and DNA methylation was found to be significantly higher in heavy smokers compared to mild / moderate / nonsmokers (p <.0005). These results indicate that heavy cigarette smoking negatively affects the conventional semen parameters including sperm chromatin condensation and sperm viability. We hypothesized that heavy cigarette smoking seems to be associated with sub-fertility in these males by reducing sperm quality in a dose-dependent manner. Keywords: Cigarette smoking, Sperm chromatin, DNA fragmentation and methylation, young Saudi men.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of caffeinated energy drinks on penile mid shaft circumference and length, penile pulse amplitude, both systolic and diastolic blood pressures, and heart rate in response to erotic stimulation in young Saudi men living in Western region of Saudi Arabia (Makkah). In this free-living population study data was collected from100 men each (mild, moderate and heavy caffeinated energy drinkers) ages between 20 and 35 years with a mean age of 26.42 ± 10.69 years along with 100 age matched healthy nondrinkers who served as controls. Heavy caffeinated energy drinker group showed a significant increase (p<0.0005) in mid shaft penile circumference and length and penile pulse amplitude where as both systolic and diastolic blood pressures and heart rate also exhibited a significant increase (P<0.025, P<0.0005 and P<0.005 respectively. However this difference was found to be non-significant in mild drinker group when compared with nondrinker controls. We hypothesized that heavy caffeine intake seems to be associated with an improved fertility which in turn may produce a beneficial effect on men who have erectile dysfunctions. Our finding further indicated that long term intake of caffeinated drinks significantly increased the blood pressure as well as heart rate in healthy men which may act as a potential risk of hypertensive tendencies especially in adolescents Saudi population. We conclude that heavy use of caffeinated energy drinks causes significant alteration in the penile vasculature and cardiodynamics in a dose-dependent manner. Keywords: Caffeinated energy drinks, penile vasculature, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate variability, young Saudi men

ABSTRACT Erectile and cardiovascular dysfunctions in cigarette smokers are important signs resulting probably due to pelvic autonomic neuropathy with damage to the parasympathetic nervi erigentes. Evidence related to neuropathic etiology comes from studies that show structural changes in autonomic nerve fibers supplying the corpora cavernosa. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of cigarette smoking on penile mid shaft circumference and length, penile pulse amplitude, both systolic and diastolic blood pressures, and heart rate in response to erotic stimulation in young Saudi men living in Western region of Saudi Arabia (Makkah). In this free-living population study data was collected from100 men each (mild, moderate and heavy cigarette smokers) ages between 20 and 35 years with a mean age of 26.42 ± 10.69 years along with 100 age matched healthy non smokers who served as controls. Heavy cigarette smoker group showed a significant decrease (p<0.0005) in mid shaft penile circumference and length and penile pulse amplitude where as both systolic and diastolic blood pressures and heart rate exhibited a significant increase (P<0.025, P<0.0005 and P<0.005 respectively. However this difference was found to be non significant in mild smoker group when compared with non smoker controls. We hypothesized that heavy cigarette smoking seems to be associated with sub-fertility in these males with significant alteration in the penile vasculature and cardiodynamics in a dose-dependent manner.

Cigarette smoking is a lifestyle pattern. It is a major public health problem globally and is considered as one of the most important factor responsible for decline in semen quality and overall decline in male reproductive health. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of cigarette smoking on semen quality in young Saudi men living in Western region of Saudi Arabia (Makkah). In this free-living population study semen samples were collected from100 men each (mild, moderate and heavy cigarette smokers) ages between 20 and 35 years with a mean age of 26.42 ± 10.69 years by masturbation with the abstinence interval of sex or ejaculate of at least 72 hours, along with 100 age matched healthy nonsmokers who served as controls. Heavy cigarette smoker group was found to be associated with significantly low levels of sperm count, concentration, sperm motility, semen volume, and percentage of morphologically (p<0.0005). We hypothesized that heavy cigarette smoking seems to be associated with sub-fertility in these males by reducing semen quality in a dose-dependent manner. Keywords: Cigarette smoking, seminal parameters, young Saudi men

ABSTRACT Purpose of the present study is to evaluate the correlation between high level of anticardiolipin antibodies (aCL) and recurrent spontaneous abortions in Saudi women. An association between anticardiolipin antibodies and gestational age of abortion and duration past abortion in Saudi women living in Western region of Saudi Arabia (Makkah) was determined by collecting blood samples from 100 females who had history of spontaneous recurrent abortion as case group and 100 pregnant healthy women as control group ages ranged between 20 and 40 years, with a mean age of 31.4 ± 12.69 years. Average rate of anticardiolipin antibodies in the serum of case group compared with the control group in this study indicated significantly low level in case group (p<0.05). Based on number of previous miscarriages a significantly high rate with an increase in the number of miscarriage (four and more) was also observed. Results based on gestational age in patients of different miscarriages indicated a consistently and significantly high level of serum anticardiolipin antibodies in second and third miscarriages when compared with the first miscarriage at the age of around 10 weeks, being highest at the gestational age of 11-20 weeks. Results based on duration past of different miscarriages indicated a significantly high level at ≤ 4 years after their first miscarriage. Moreover estimated levels of serum anticardiolipin antibodies were found to be more or less equal at 5-12 and more than 12 years in all the miscarriages. In conclusion, anticardiolipin antibodies based on number of abortions and gestational age of abortions were increased in all patients just in first 5 years past abortion and then began to fall. However further diagnostic studies are recommended since these antibodies are a potential cause of hypercoagulability and may increase the risk of thromboembolic events with a larger sample size, including different age groups and populations. Keywords: Anticardiolipin antibodies, recurrent spontaneous abortion, Saudi Arabia