Rani T. Bhagat

ABSTRACT Chromatography is a crucial technique in various industries, particularly in pharmaceuticals, where it is used to separate, purify, and analyse compounds. Ion exchange chromatography (IEC) is a type of chromatography that separates ions based on their electrostatic interactions with a stationary phase. The technique is widely used in biotechnology, pharmaceutical processing, and water treatment. IEC is essential for the purification of charged proteins, nucleic acids, and other biomolecules. The separation process involves the interaction between ions and a charged stationary phase, allowing for the selective retention and elution of ions. The technique has various applications, including the purification of proteins, peptides, enzymes, nucleotides, and DNA. IEC is also used in the food industry to adjust the pH of liquid media and extract important components. The instrumentation of IEC includes columns, sample injection systems, mobile phase reservoirs, pumps, detectors, and data systems. Overall, IEC is a powerful tool for the separation, purification, and analysis of ions and biomolecules, and its applications continue to grow in various industries. Keywords: Ion exchange; Resin; Anion exchange; Cation exchange.

ABSTRACT This review mainly focuses on the principal, instrumentation, interpretation, application of infrared spectroscopy. Infrared (IR) radiation refers broadly to that part of the electromagnetic spectrum between the visible and microwave region. Of greatest practical use to the organic chemist is the limited portion between 4000 and 400cm -1. Infrared spectroscopy monitors the interaction of functional groups in chemical molecules with infrared light resulting predictable vibrations that provides a “fingerprint” characteristic of chemical or biochemical substances present in the sample. Infrared spectroscopy is a technique that probes the vibrations within a material. Infrared spectroscopy has always been a powerful tool for the identification of organic materials. The development of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy has introduced a popular method for the quantitative analysis of complex mixtures, as well as for the investigation of surface and interfacial phenomena. Keywords: Infra-red, Spectroscopy, Stretching, Instrumentation.