Current Issue
Volume 13, Issue 8 - 2026 (August 2026 Issue 8)
Issue Details:
Volume 13 Issue 8 (August 2026 Issue 8)Issue Description:
Welcome to the 2026 issue of British Journal of Medical and Health Research. This issue showcases the remarkable breadth and depth of contemporary research across multiple disciplines. From cutting-edge applications of machine learning in climate science to the revolutionary potential of quantum computing in drug discovery, our featured articles demonstrate the power of interdisciplinary collaboration in addressing global challenges.
We are particularly excited to present research that bridges traditional academic boundaries, reflecting our journal's commitment to fostering innovation through cross-disciplinary dialogue. The integration of artificial intelligence with environmental science, the application of blockchain technology to supply chain management, and the convergence of urban planning with smart city technologies exemplify the transformative potential of collaborative research.
As we continue to navigate an era of rapid technological advancement and global challenges, the research presented in this issue offers both insights and solutions that will shape our future. We thank our authors, reviewers, and editorial board members for their continued dedication to advancing knowledge and promoting scientific excellence.
Dr J S Patel
Editor-in-Chief
British Journal of Medical and Health Research
Articles in This Issue
ACE inhibitors versus ARBs in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Hypertension: A Comparative Study of Safety, Blood Pressure Control, and Renal Outcomes.
Both Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACEIs) and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs) are recommended first-line agents for hypertension in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). However, treatment adherence is frequently compromised by class-specific adverse drug reactions (ADRs). This study compares the safety profiles, tolerability, blood pressure control, and short-term renal outcomes of ACEIs versus ARBs in a clinical setting. Methods: A prospective, observational study was conducted over 12 months in a tertiary care teaching hospital. One hundred adult patients ($N=100$) with T2DM and essential hypertension initiating monotherapy with either an ACEI ($n=50$, e.g., enalapril) or an ARB ($n=50$, e.g., losartan) were enrolled. Baseline demographic, clinical, and laboratory safety markers (serum potassium, serum creatinine, and eGFR) were recorded. Safety endpoints included the incidence of dry cough, hyperkalemia, acute kidney injury (eGFR decline greater than 30%), and therapy discontinuation rates. Efficacy was assessed via blood pressure (BP) and urinary albumin excretion rates. Results: Both groups achieved comparable, statistically significant reductions in systolic and diastolic BP, as well as urinary albumin excretion at 12 months ($p > 0.05$ for inter-group comparisons). However, the ARB group demonstrated a significantly superior safety and tolerability profile. Dry cough was reported in 16% of the ACEI group compared to 0% in the ARB group ($p < 0.01$), leading to a therapy discontinuation rate of 10% in the ACEI cohort. Mild hyperkalemia (serum $K^+ > 5.0 \text{ mEq/L}$) occurred in both groups (ACEI: 8% vs. ARB: 6%; $p > 0.05$) without any severe hyperkalemic events or acute kidney injury. Conclusion: While ACEIs and ARBs provide equivalent blood pressure control and renal protection, ARBs offer a significantly superior safety profile with a lower incidence of dry cough and lower treatment discontinuation rates. ARBs may be preferred as a first-line option to optimize long-term treatment adherence in patients with T2DM and hypertension.
Contributors:
SAFETY AND EFFICACY COMPARISION OF CLOMIPHENE CIRATE Vs METFORMIN AND CLOMIPHENE CIRATE COMBINATION IN MANAGEMENT OF PCOS
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine and metabolic disorder affecting women of reproductive age, frequently complicated by anovulatory infertility and insulin resistance. Clomiphene citrate (CC) is the established first-line agent for ovulation induction, but a subset of women exhibits clomiphene resistance. Metformin, an insulin-sensitizing agent, has been proposed as an adjunct to improve ovulatory response in these patients. To compare the safety and efficacy of metformin combined with clomiphene citrate versus clomiphene citrate alone in the management of PCOS. This prospective comparative study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Coimbatore Medical College Hospital, from July 2025 to December 2025. Forty-two women diagnosed with PCOS were allocated to two groups (n=21 each): Group A received CC alone, and Group B received metformin plus CC. Outcomes assessed included ovulation rate, menstrual cycle regularity, conception rate, adverse effects, and metabolic parameters. Baseline demographic, hormonal, and metabolic parameters were comparable between groups (p>0.05). Ovulation, menstrual regularity, and conception rates were significantly higher in the metformin + CC group compared to CC alone (p<0.05 for all outcomes). Gastrointestinal adverse effects — loss of appetite (60%) and nausea/vomiting (18%) — occurred exclusively in the metformin + CC group but did not lead to treatment discontinuation. No cases of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, multiple pregnancy, or teratogenicity were observed in either group. Combination therapy with metformin and clomiphene citrate was more effective than clomiphene citrate alone in inducing ovulation, restoring menstrual regularity, and achieving conception in women with PCOS, with a manageable and non-limiting adverse effect profile. Metformin + CC may be considered a preferable first-line option, particularly in women with insulin resistance. Polycystic ovary syndrome, metformin, clomiphene citrate, ovulation induction, insulin resistance.
Contributors:
BIOMECHANICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN CLEAR ALIGNER THERAPY: FORCE DELIVERY, MOVEMENT CONTROL AND THEIR CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS.
Clear aligner therapy (CAT) has evolved as a viable orthodontic treatment approach as digital technology, biomaterials, and biomechanical principles have advanced over time.It was originally used for mild malocclusions, but improvements in aligner design, attachments and digital treatment planning have led to its use in more complex orthodontic situations. This review will present biomechanical principles that define force delivery and tooth movement control and their clinical implications in challenging patients treated with the use of clear aligners. The effects of aligner material properties, thickness, stress relaxation, staging protocols, and attachment design on the magnitude, direction, and predictability of force are discussed. The biomechanical properties of different tooth movements, such as tipping, bodily movement, rotation, intrusion, extrusion, torque and arch expansion are evaluated, highlighting limitations and opportunities for improving treatment outcomes. KEY WORDS:Clear aligner therapy (CAT) ,Orthodontic biomechanics ,Force delivery
Contributors:
THE TWILIGHT OF ANTIBIOTICS:
Antibiotic resistance is increasing at a super-exponential rate worldwide. Design and approval of new antimicrobial compounds has sunk to the lowest levels in decades. At the current rate of decline in therapeutic effectiveness, the simultaneous emergence of multiple extensively resistant pathogens ("superbugs" or panresistant germs) is projected by this model to occur beyond a critical inefficacy threshold in approximately fourteen years (±3). Untreatable microbes will set back health services globally and will have a profound effect on medical disciplines that invariably need pharmacological control of opportunistic bacteria, such as Oncology and Transplantation medicine (that rely heavily on myelotoxic and/or immunosuppressive drugs), Odontology, Intensive Care, etc. No radically new categories of antibiotics have been discovered for decades. Combinatorial treatments that intend to accentuate antibiotic efficacy may even accelerate the rate of microbial adaptation due to increased selective pressure. Unless new categories of germicidal substances are developed, a reverse epidemiological transition seems inevitable. This paper describes our forecast based on a mathematical model from hard data on the declining effect of antimicrobial medication. Additionally, it suggests an already proven, scalable line of treatment that could overcome microbial resistance.
Contributors:
A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW ON EXOSOMES THEIR BIOLOGY, METHODS, AND APPLICATIONS
Extracellular vesicles – more especially, exosomes – have been shown to effective at carrying biomarkers in extracellular environment. The lack of consistency in exosomes separation and analysis technique. limits the use of exosomes in therapeutic environment, despite their great promise .This review objectives are present in many forms of extracellular vesicles, highlight their distinctions and commonalities , go over the various techniques currently employed for exosome extraction and characterization. Exosomal research may become more standardized as a result of a full grasp of the isolation and analysis techniques already in use, making the use of exosomes in clinical settings a possibility. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are broadly defined as lipid bilayer-enclosed particles released by cells that cannot replicate and are not part of intact cells. EVs include multiple subtypes—exosomes (often ~30–150 nm), microvesicles/ectosomes (typically ~100–1000 nm), apoptotic bodies, and other specialized vesicles—whose boundaries overlap in size, composition, and biogenesis. Because it is often difficult to prove the precise biogenesis route in routine experiments, ISEV recommends using operational terms such as “small EVs” (sEVs) rather than asserting “exosomes” unless endosomal origin is demonstrated [1–3]. Exosomes are explored as disease biomarkers (liquid biopsy), therapeutic carriers (for small molecules, RNA therapeutics, proteins, gene editors), and even as direct therapeutics particularly mesenchymal stromal/stem cell—MSC—derived EVs. “Exosomes” refer to small EVs enriched in endosomal markers and recovered using common sEV workflows. These vesicles are released by immune cells, epithelial cells, stromal cells, neurons, cardiomyocytes, tumor cells, and stem/progenitor cells. They appear in plasma, serum, urine, saliva, cerebrospinal fluid, breast milk, synovial fluid, and bronchoalveolar lavage, among others. Exosomes selectively package proteins, RNAs, lipids, and other molecules depending on cell type, activation state, and environmental cues (hypoxia, inflammation, stress). Once released, exosomes can bind to target cells, fuse with membranes, or be endocytosed, delivering cargo and altering signaling pathways.
Contributors:
A Graftless Implant: Anchoring Your Smile- A Review
Maxillary edentulism is increasingly common, often resulting from conditions such as advanced dental caries, periodontal disease, trauma, or infection. And can have significant psychological, social, and functional consequences, leading to nutritional changes and various health conditions. The resorption of alveolar bone, particularly in the posterior maxilla, complicates the placement of conventional implants, necessitating bone grafting and sinus augmentation utilizing the bone structure of maxilla an implant system was developed earlier avoiding the use of grafting or augmentation. Zygomatic implants, were first introduced by Branemark in 1988, use the zygoma bone for posterior support, doing away with the requirement for directed bone regeneration or sinus elevation. Indications include moderate to severe maxillary atrophy, cleft palate, and congenital or acquired defects. Zygomatic implants are particularly beneficial for patients requiring immediate loading and those unable to undergo multiple procedures